Indonesia is a country that is highly prone to hazards due to its geographical position. Indonesia poses potential hazards of floods, land mass movement, windstorms, drought, forest and land fires, and diseases and epidemics. Recently the global climate change has also started to have impacts on many areas in the archipelago. Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of climate-related hazards, increased the vulnerability of the poor, and decreased the capacity of many in dealing with hazardous events. It has influences over critical sectors like health, water, food, livelihood, education and infrastructure.
National Progress
In responding to
need of DRR and CCA, in term of policy and regulatory, Indonesia had demonstrated its commitment to
international instruments and results of various summits since the Earth Summit
in 1992. In compliance with the Hyogo Framework for Action, Indonesia had
passed Law No. 24/2007 on Disaster Management. Indonesia also enacted Law No.
6/1994 on the ratification of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change and Law No. 17/2004 on the Ratification of Kyoto Protocol (United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).
Indonesia
also issued Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 on National Action Plan for
Greenhouse Gases Reduction and Presidential Decree No. 71/2011 on the Conduct
of National Greenhouse Gases Inventory. The National Middle-term Development
Plan had also put disaster risk reduction and climate change as one priority
program under environmental management and disaster management.
With regards
to institutional arrangement, Indonesia had established the National DM Agency
and Local DM Agencies (BPBD) in all provinces and nearly all district cities to
coordinate the conduct of disaster management and risk reduction all over the
country.
For climate
change, the government had also set-up the National Council for Climate Change
(DNPI), a body tasked to prepare Indonesian strategies in climate change
mitigation and adaptation, among others through leadership in negotiation
process in climate conference rounds. DNPI also coordinated sectoral agencies
in formulating strategies and approach in facing climate change, but it did not
have the mandate to plan and coordinate development programs that address
climate change at the national and local level.
Lack of Local Capacity
Despite the country’s commitment to the two issues, DRR and CCA
practitioners had long observed that local governments faced grave constraints
in translating the commitment into development programs and activities. Some
considered this as attributable to the absence of robust umbrella laws and
regulations, deficiency in programming, and limited budget available for such
programs. The issues of disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaptation are new to most communities, governments and civil society
organizations alike. Implementation of DRR and CCA-related programs and
activities has still been viewed as two distinct and separate issues.
At present,
local practices in DRR-CCA had begun to be adopted in Strategic Plans of
relevant local government offices or Middle-term Development Plans of local or
village governments, as could be seen in Merapi and Manokwari cases. Although
not in all regions, Policies at the provincial and local levels were more or
less responsive to the national development plan, as could be seen in the
establishment of local DM Agencies and Local Task Force for Climate Change, as
well as the formulation of Local Disaster Management Plans or Local Action
Plans for Disaster Risk Reduction and Local Action Plan for Greenhouse Gases
Reduction. Constraints were still faced, however, in the implementation of DRR
and CCA programs, both at the provincial and district/city levels, where
sectoral approach was mostly took precedence.
DRR-CCA Integration
Disaster management may not be conducted in the old
conventional way, instead it has to be designed with a longer-term perspective
and integrated into the national development. In other words, Disaster Risk
Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation need to be mainstreamed into
development agenda both at the national and local levels.
The integration of CCA-DRR into
development agenda may contribute to more cost-effective and efficient
development. Nonetheless, an effective approach to integrate DRR and CCA into
development has yet to be formulated.
Submitted to CIFAL Jeju, Korea for International Conference on Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in the Asia-Pacific Region” on 18-21 April 2016.
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